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Xin, Z., W. Bin, and J. Zhongzhen, 2001: Performance of a Parallel Finite Difference Atmospheric General Circulation Model. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 1175-1184.

Xing, J., 1992: The numerical modelling of shallow water flow and sediment transport over bedforms in the coastal ocean, University of Reading, 249 pp,

Xing, J. and and, 1996: Application of a range of turbulence energy models to the determination M4 tidal current profiles. Contin. Shelf Res., 16, 517-547.

Xing, J. and A. M. Davies, 1996: The influence of mixing length formulation and stratification upon tidal currents in shallow seas. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci., in press.

Xinyong, S., N. Yunqi, and D. Yihui, 2002: On Problem of Nonlinear Symmetric Instability in Zonal Shear Flow. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 19, 350-364.

Xiong, X., K. Stamnes, and D. Lubin, 2002: Surface Albedo over the Arctic Ocean Derived from AVHRR and Its Validation with SHEB Data. J. App. Meteor., 41, 413-425.

Xiu, A. and J. E. Pleim, 2001: Development of a land surface model. Part I: application in a mesoscale meteorological model. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 192–209.

Xiu, D. and G. E. Karniadakis, 2001: A Semi-Lagrangian High-Order Method for Navier-Stokes Equations. J. Comput. Phy., 172, 658-684.

Xu, D. and P. A. Taylor, 1995: Boundary layer parametrization of drag over small scale topography. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 433-444.

Xu, J., A. K. Smith, and G. P. Brasseur, 2000: The effects of gravity waves on distributions of chemically active constituents in the mesopause region. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26593.

Xu, J.-S. and H. v. Storch, 1990: Predicting the state of the Southern Oscillation using principal oscillation pattern analysis. J. Climate, 3, 1316-1329.

Xu, J.-S. and H. v. Storch, 1990: Principal oscillation patternsPrediction of the state of ENSO. J. Climate, 3, 1316- 13-29.

Xu, K., 2001: A Kinetic Method for Hyperbolic-Elliptic Equations and Its Application in Two-Phase Flow. J. Comp. Phys., 166, 383.

Xu, K., 2001: A Gas-Kinetic BGK Scheme for the Navier-Stokes Equations and Its Connection with Artificial Dissipation and Godunov Method. J. Comp. Phy., 171, 289-335.

Xu, K., 2001: Comment on "Development of an Improved Gas-Kinetic BGK Scheme for Inviscid and Viscous Flows". J. Comp. Phy., 171, 843-847.

Xu, K., 2002: A Slope-Update Scheme for Compressible Flow Simulation. J. Comp. Phy., 178, 252-259.

Xu, K., 2002: A Well-Balanced Gas-Kinetic Scheme for the Shallow-Water Equations with Source Terms. J. Comp. Phy., 178, 533-562.

Xu, K.-M., 1991: The coupling of cumulus convection with largescale processes, University of California, 250 pp, Los Angeles.

Xu, K.-M., 1994: A statistical analysis of the dependency of closure assumptions in cumulus parameterization on the horizontal resolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3674-3691.

Xu, K.-M., 1995: Partitioning mass, heat and moisture budgets of explicitly simulated cumulus ensembles into convective and stratiform components. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 551-573.

Xu, K. M., and coauthors, 2002: An inter-comparison of cloud-resolving models with the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement summer 1997 Intensive Observation Period data. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 593-624.

Xu, K. M. and D. A. Randall, 2001: Explicit simulation of cumulus ensembles with the GATE phase III data: Budgets of a composite easterly wave. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1571-1592.

Xu, K.-M. and and, 1996: A semiempirical cloudiness parameterization for use in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3084-3102.

Xu, K.-M. and and, 1996: Evaluation of statistically based cloudiness parameterizations used in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3103-3119.

Xu, K.-M. and A. Arakawa, 1992: Semiprognostic tests of the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization using simulated data. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2421-2436.

Xu, K.-M. and A. Arakawa, 1992: Semi-prognostic tests of the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization using simulated data. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2421-2436.

Xu, K.-M., A. Arakawa, and S. K. Krueger, 1992: The microscopic behavior of cumulus ensembles simulated by a cumulus ensemble model. J. Atmos. Sci, 49, 2402-2420.

Xu, K.-M., A. Arakawa, and S. K. Krueger, 1992: The macroscopic behavior of cloud ensembles simulated by a cloud ensemble model. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2402-2420.

Xu, K.-M., A. Arakawa, and S. K. Krueger, 1992: The macroscopic behavior of cumulus ensembles simulated by a cumulus ensemble model. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2402-2420.

Xu, K.-M. and K. A. Emanuel, 1989: Is the tropical atmosphere conditionally unstable? Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1471-1479.

Xu, K.-M. and S. K. Krueger, 1991: Evaluation of cloudiness parameterizations using a cumulus ensemble model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 342-367.

Xu, K.-M. and D. A. Randall, 1994: Further development of a cloud parameterization for use in climate models with ARM data. Fifth Symp. on Global Change Studies, Nashville, TN, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 6-10.

Xu, K.-M. and D. A. Randall, 1995: Impact of interactive radiative transfer on the macroscopic behavior of cumulus ensembles. Part II: Mechanisms for cloud-radiation interactions. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 800-817.

Xu, K.-M. and D. A. Randall, 1995: Impact of interactive radiative transfer on the macroscopic behavior of cumulus ensembles. Part I: Radiation parameterization and sensitivity test. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 785-799.

Xu, K.-M. and D. A. Randall, 1996: Explicit simulation of cumulus ensembles with the GATE phase III data: Comparison with observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3710-3736.

Xu, K.-M. and D. A. Randall, 1998: Influence of Large-Scale Advective Cooling and Moistening Effects on the Quasi-Equilibrium Behavior of Explicitly Simulated Cumulus Ensembles. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 896-909.

Xu, K.-M. and D. A. Randall, 1999: A Sensitivity Study of Radiative-Convective Equilibrium in the Tropicswith a Convection-Resolving Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3385-3400.

Xu, M., J.-W. Bao, and D. J. Stensrud, 2001: Effect of Time Step Size in MM5 Simulations of a Mesoscale Convective System. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 502.

Xu, M. and T. Gal-Chen, 1993: A study of the convective boundary-layer dynamics using single Doppler radar measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3641-3662.

Xu, M., D. J. Stensrud, J. W. Bao, and T. T. Warner, 2001: Applications of the Adjoint Technique to Short-Range Ensemble Forecasting of Mesoscale Convective Systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1395-1418.

Xu, Q., 1986: Conditional symmetric instability and mesoscale rainbands. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 315-334.

Xu, Q., 1986: Nonlinear circulations in a symmetrically unstable flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 494-498.

Xu, Q., 1986: Generalized energetics for linear and nonlinear symmetric instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 972-984.

Xu, Q., 1987: The existence and stability of steady circulations in a symmetrically unstable basic flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3020-3029.

Xu, Q., 1988: A formula for eddy viscosity in the presence of moist symmetric instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 5-8.

Xu, Q., 1988: Baroclinic waves and frontogenesis with embedded regions of small moist symmetric stability. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 1221-1251.

Xu, Q., 1989: Extended Sawyer-Eliassen equation for frontal circulations in the presence of small viscous moist symmetric stability. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2671-2683.

Xu, Q., 1989: Frontal circulations in the presence of small viscous moist symmetric stability and weak forcing. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 1325-1353.

Xu, Q., 1990: Cold and warm frontal circulations in an idealized moist semigeostrophic baroclinic wave. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2337-2352.

Xu, Q., 1990: A theoretical study of cold-air damming. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2969-2985.

Xu, Q., 1992: Density currents in shear flows -- A two-fluid model. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 511-524.

Xu, Q., 1992: Formation and evolution of frontal rainbands and geostrophic potential vorticity anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 629-648.

Xu, Q., 1992: Ageostrophic pseudo-vorticity and geostrophic C-vector forcing -- A new look at the Q-vector in three-dimensions. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 981-990.

Xu, Q., 1992: Density currents in shear flows-A two-fluid model. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 511-524.

Xu, Q., 1994: Semi-balance model -- connection between geostrophic-type and balanced-type intermediate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 953-970.

Xu, Q., 1996: Generalized adjoint for physical processes with parameterized discontinuities - Part I: Basic issues and heuristic examples. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1123-1142.

Xu, Q., 1996: Generalized adjoint for physical processes with parameterized discontinuities - Part II: Vector formulations and matching conditions. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1143-1155.

Xu, Q., 1997: Generalized Adjoint for Physical Processes with Parameterized Discontinuities. Part III: Multiple Threshold Conditions. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2713-2721.

Xu, Q., 1997: Generalized Adjoint for Physical Processes with Parameterized Discontinuities. Part IV: Problems in Time Discretization. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2722-2728.

Xu, Q. and and, 1995: An analytic model of cold air damming and its applications. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 353-366.

Xu, Q., F. S. Chang, and C. P. Lou, 1992: Finite element solutions of free-interface density currents. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 230-233.

Xu, Q. and L. P. Chang, 1987: On the two-dimensional steady upshear-sloping convection. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 1065-1088.

Xu, Q. and J. H. E. Clark, 1984: Wave-CISK and mesoscale convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2089-2107.

Xu, Q. and J. H. E. Clark, 1985: The nature of symmetric instability and its similarity to convective and inertial instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2880-2883.

Xu, Q. and R. Davies-Jones, 1993: Boundary conditions for the psi-equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1566-1571.

Xu, Q. and J. Gao, 1999: Generalized Adjoint for Physical Processes with Parameterized Discontinuities. Part VI: Minimization Problems in Multidimensional Space. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 994-1002.

Xu, Q., J. Gao, and W. Gu, 1998: Generalized Adjoint for Physical Processes with Parameterized Discontinuities. Part V: Coarse-Grain Adjoint and Problems in Gradient Check. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2130-2135.

Xu, Q. and S. Gao, 1992: Experimental studies of mesoscale cold-air damming. Preprints, Sixth Conf. On Mountain Meteorology, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 17-18.

Xu, Q. and S. Gao, 1995: An analytic model of cold air damming and its applications. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 353-366.

Xu, Q., S. Gao, and B. H. Fiedler, 1996: A theoretical study of cold air damming caused by upstream blocking of stratified flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 312-326.

Xu, Q., H. Gu, and C. Qiu, 2001: Simple Adjoint Retrievals of Wet-Microburst Winds and Gust-Front Winds from Single-Doppler Radar Data. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1485-1499.

Xu, Q., H. Gu, and S. Yang, 2001: Simple adjoint method for three-dimensional wind retrievals from single-Doppler radar. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1053-1068.

Xu, Q., H. D. Gu, and S. Yang, 1995: Simple adjoint methods for two and three-dimensional wind retrievals from single-Doppler data. Preprints, Int. Symp. on Assimilation of Observations in Meteorology and Oceanography, Tokyo, Japan, World Meteor. Org., 81-84.

Xu, Q. and W. Gu, 2000: Baroclinic Eady Wave and Fronts. Part II: Geostrophic Potential Vorticity Dynamics in Semigeostrophic Space. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 861-872.

Xu, Q. and W. Gu, 2002: Semigeostrophic Frontal Boundary Layer. Bound. Layer Meteor., 104, 99-110.

Xu, Q., W. Gu, and J. Gao, 1998: Baroclinic Eady Wave and Fronts. Part I: Viscous Semigeostrophy and the Impact of Boundary Condition. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3598-3615.

Xu, Q., S. Hang, and H. Gu, 1995: New Simple Adjoint Method for Three-Dimensional Wind and Temperature Retrievals from Single-Doppler Data. Preprints, 27th Conference on Radar Meteorology, Vail, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Xu, Q. and D. Keyser, 1993: Brotropic and baroclinic ageostrophic winds and completeness of solution for the psi-equations. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 588-596.

Xu, Q. and M. W. Moncrieff, 1994: Density current circulations in shear flows -- A two-fluid model. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 434-446.

Xu, Q. and M. W. Moncrieff, 1994: Density current circulations in shear flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 434-446.

Xu, Q. and C. Qiu, 1995: Adjoint-method retrievals of lowaltitude wind fields from single-Doppler reflectivity and radial-wind data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 1111-1119.

Xu, Q., C. Qiu, H. D. Gu, and J. Yu, 1995: Simple adjoint retrievals of microburst winds from single-Doppler radar data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1822-1833.

Xu, Q., C. Qiu, and J. Yu, 1994: Adjoint-method retrievals of low-altitude wind fields from single-Doppler reflectivity measured during Phoenix II. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technology, 11, 275-288.

Xu, Q. and C. J. Qiu, 1994: Simple adjoint methods for single-Doppler wind analysis with a strong constraint of mass conservation. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technology, 11, 289-298.

Xu, Q., C. J. Qiu, and and, 1994: Adjoint-method retrievals of lowaltitude wind fields from single-Doppler wind data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 579-585.

Xu, Q. and L. Wei, 2001: Estimation of Three-Dimensional Error Covariances. Part II: Analysis of Wind Innovation Vectors. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2939-2954.

Xu, Q. and L. Wei, 2002: Estimation of Three-Dimensional Error Covariances. Part III: Height-Wind Forecast Error Correlation and Related Geostrophy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1052-1062.

Xu, Q., L. Wei, A. VanTuyl, and E. H. Barker, 2001: Estimation of Three-Dimensional Error Covariances. Part I: Analysis of Height Innovation Vectors. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2126-2135.

Xu, Q., M. Xue, and K. K. Droegemeier, 1996: Numerical simulations of density currents in sheared environments within a vertically confined channel. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 770-786.

Xu, Q. and X. P. Zhou, 1982: Broclinic and inertial instability in an nonhydrostatic atmosphere. Scientia Atmos. Sinica, 6, 355-367.

Xu, Q., J. Zong, and K. K. Droegemeier, 1996: Numerical simulations of the topographic effects on cold front motion using an advanced nonhydrostatic model (ARPS). Preprint, Seventh Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, Reading, England, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Xu, X., H. G. Bingemer, and U. Bartell, 2001: Measurements of carbonyl sulfide (COS) in surface seawater and marine air, and estimates of the air-sea flux from observations during two Atlantic cruises. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3491.

Xu, Y., S. Aoki, and K. Harada, 2002: Synchronous and Asynchronous Integrations in an Ocean General Circulation Model. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 125-135.

Xu, Z., R. M. Hendry, and J. W. Loder, 2001: Application of a Direct Inverse Data Assimilation Method to the M2 Tide on the Newfoundland and Southern Labrador Shelves. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 18, 665.

Xue, M., 1989: A nonhydrostatic numerical model in sigma-coordinates and simulations of mesoscale phenomena, Dept. of Meteorology, Reading University. Also http://twister.ou.edu/mxthesis.html., 259 pp, Reading, U.K.

Xue, M., 1990: Towards the environmental condition for long-lived squall lines: Vorticity versus momentum. Preprint of the AMS 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Alberta, Canada, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 24-29.

Xue, M., 1999: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) and Its Applications. Preceedings of Workshop on Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction and Its Applications, Tokyo, Japan, Japan Meteorological Agency, 9-12.

Xue, M., 2000: Density current in two-layer shear flows. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 126, 1301-1320.

Xue, M., 2000: High-order monotonic numerical diffusion and smoothing. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2853-2864.

Xue, M., 2001: A synchronized flux-correction transfort advection scheme and application to cloud modeling, Manuscript under preparation.

Xue, M., 2002: Density currents in shear flows: Effects of rigid lid and cold-pool Internal circulation, and application to squall line dynamics. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 128, 47-74.

Xue, M., 2002: Control of vorticity on squall line dynamics. Part I: Results from a vorticity-based model with simple parameterized moist physics. J. Atmos. Sci., Under preparation.

Xue, M., 2002: Control of vorticity on squall line dynamics. Part II: Results from a vorticity-based model with microphysics parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., Under preparation.

Xue, M., and coauthors, 1996: Real-time numerical prediction of storm-scale weather during VORTEX-95. Part II: Operation summary and example cases. Preprint: 18th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, San Francisco, CA., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 178-182.

Xue, M., and coauthors, 1996: The 1996 CAPS spring operational forecasting period: Realtime storm-scale NWP, Part II: Operational summary and examples. Preprint, 11th Conf. on Num. Wea. Pred., Norfolk, VA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 297-300.

Xue, M., K. Brewster, D. Weber, K. W. Thomas, F. Kong, and E. Kemp, 2002: Realtime storm-scale forecast support for IHOP 2002 at CAPS. Preprint, 15th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred. and 19th Conf. Wea. Aanl. Forecasting, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Xue, M., K. K. Droegemeier, D. Wang, and K. Brewster, 1996: Prediction and simulation of a multiple squall line case during VORTEX-95. Preprint: 18th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, 19-23 Feb., San Francisco, CA., Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Xue, M., K. K. Droegemeier, and V. Wong, 1995: Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) and real-time storm prediction. Preprint, International workshop on limited-area and variable resolution models, Beijing, China, World Meteor. Organ.

Xue, M., K. K. Droegemeier, and V. Wong, 2000: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) - A multiscale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction tool. Part I: Model dynamics and verification. Meteor. Atmos. Physics, 75, 161-193.

Xue, M., K. K. Droegemeier, V. Wong, A. Shapiro, and K. Brewster, 1995: ARPS Version 4.0 User's Guide. [Available at http://www.caps.ou.edu/ARPS], 380 pp.

Xue, M., K. K. Droegemeier, V. Wong, A. Shapiro, K. Brewster, F. Carr, D. Weber, Y. Liu, and D. Wang, 2001: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) - A multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction tool. Part II: Model physics and applications. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 76, 143-166.

Xue, M., K. K. Droegemeier, V. Wong, A. Shapiro, K. Brewster, F. Carr, D. Weber, Y. Liu, and D.-H. Wang, 2001: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) - A multiscale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction tool. Part II: Model physics and applications. Meteor. Atmos. Physics, 76, 143-165.

Xue, M., K. K. Droegemeier, and P. R. Woodward, 1993: Simulation of tornado vortices within a supercell storm using adaptive grid refinement technique. Preprints, 17th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 362-365.

Xue, M., J. D. Gao, and S. Weygandt, 1999: Single-Doppler Velocity Retrievals and Their Applications. Preceedings of Workshop on Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction and Its Applications, Tokyo, Japan, Japan Meteorlogical Agency, 77-80.

Xue, M., Y. Honda, and J. Gao, 2002: A variational procedure for thermodynamic retrieval. Mon. Wea. Rev., Under preparation.

Xue, M., Y. Honda, and J. Gao, 2002: Variational thermodynamic retrieval in terrain-following coordinate. Mon. Wea. Rev., Under preparation.

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Xue, M. and S.-J. Lin, 2001: Numerical equivalence of advection in flux and advective forms and quadratically conservative high-order advection schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 561-565.

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Xue, M. and A. J. Thorpe, 1989: Numerical study of deep orographic convection. Preprint, XIV general assembly of the European Geophysical Society, Barcelona, Spain, EGS.

Xue, M. and A. J. Thorpe, 1990: A numerical study on dry and moist lee waves based on real soundings. Preprint, 16th Conf. on Mountain Meteorology, Boulder CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Xue, M. and A. J. Thorpe, 1991: A mesoscale numerical model using the nonhydrostatic pressure-based sigma-coordinate equations: Model experiments with dry mountain flows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1168-1185.

Xue, M., D.-H. Wang, J.-D. Gao, K. Brewster, and K. K. Droegemeier, 2002: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS), storm-scale numerical weather prediction and data assimilation. Meteor. Atmos. Physics, In press. Available at http://www.caps.ou.edu/ARPS/ARPSPaperIII.pdf.

Xue, M., D.-H. Wang, D.-C. Hou, K. Brewster, and K. K. Droegemeier, 1998: Prediction of the 7 May 1995 squall lines over the central US with intermittent data assimilation. 12th Conf. Num. Wea. Prediction, Phoenix, AZ, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 191-194.

Xue, M., H. Xu, Y. Liu, and D. K. P. Yue, 2001: Computations of fully nonlinear three-dimensional wave-wave and wave-body interactions. Part 1. Dynamics of steep three-dimensional waves. J. Fluid Mech., 438, 11-40.

Xue, M., Q. Xu, and K. K. Droegemeier, 1996: A theoretical and numerical study of density currents in non-constant shear flows. Preprint, Seventh Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, Reading, UK, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

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Xue, M., J. Zong, and K. K. Droegemeier, 1996: Parameterization of PBL turbulence in a multi-scale non-hydrostatic model. Preprint, 11th AMS Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Norfolk, VA, Amer. Metero. Soc., 363-365.

Xue, Y. and and, 1994: The influence of land surface properties on Sahel climate. Part II: Afforestation. J. Climate, in press.

Xue, Y., N. Bastable, P. Dirmeyer, and P. Sellers, 1996: Sensitivity of simulated Amazonian climate to changes in land surface parameterization -A study using ABRACOS data. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 386-400.

Xue, Y., M. A. Cane, and S. E. Zebiak, 1997: Predictability of a Coupled Model of ENSO Using Singular Vector Analysis. Part I: Optimal Growth in Seasonal Background and ENSO Cycles. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2043-2056.

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